A 45-year-old male, otherwise healthy, consults his family physician at a community clinic in Toronto, Ontario, for persistent, bothersome restless legs syndrome. After a thorough assessment, the physician decides to initiate pharmacotherapy with ropinirole. The physician provides a handwritten prescription to the patient. Two weeks later, the patient returns with complaints of significant somnolence, increased appetite leading to weight gain, and new-onset generalized muscle stiffness. On examination, he exhibits a shuffling gait and mild cogwheel rigidity. Review of the dispensed medication bottle reveals 'Risperidone 0.5 mg daily at bedtime.' The patient confirms this is what he received from the pharmacy. Upon cessation of the incorrectly dispensed medication, the patient's symptoms gradually resolve over several days. What is the most crucial action the prescribing physician should have taken to prevent this medication error?

A 3-year-old child, Liam, weighing 15 kg, presents to a pediatric outpatient clinic in Calgary, Alberta, with a history of recurrent complex febrile seizures. Following a comprehensive assessment, the pediatric neurologist, Dr. Sarah Lee, recommends initiating phenobarbital liquid for seizure prophylaxis at a dose of 0.75 mg/kg daily, to be tapered up as needed. A PGY-1 resident, Dr. Anya Sharma, is tasked with writing the initial prescription for the pharmacy. Based on the child's weight, the correct daily dose is calculated as 11.25 mg. However, while transcribing the prescription into the electronic health record system, Dr. Sharma inadvertently enters 'Phenobarbital 112.5 mg PO daily' instead of '11.25 mg PO daily', effectively misplacing the decimal point. The electronic prescription is transmitted to the hospital pharmacy, which dispenses the medication as written. Two days later, Liam is brought to the emergency department by his parents, presenting with profound lethargy, nystagmus, and bradypnea, requiring ventilatory support due to severe phenobarbital toxicity. Which of the following ethical and legal principles was primarily violated by Dr. Sharma in this scenario?

A 68-year-old male, Mr. Sylvain Bouchard, is admitted to a community hospital in rural Quebec for an elective hip arthroplasty. During the pre-anesthetic setup in the operating room, a registered nurse is preparing medications. While drawing up what she believes is cefazolin for prophylactic antibiotic administration, she inadvertently reaches for a vial of rocuronium due to striking similarities in vial size, cap colour, and label design between the two medications. Both are stored in adjacent bins on the anaesthesia cart. The anesthesiologist, Dr. Gabrielle Dubois, performing a final 'triple-check' of all drawn-up medications before induction, identifies the misidentified vial just moments before it would have been administered. No medication is given, and Mr. Bouchard remains unaware of the potential error. Dr. Dubois promptly reports this event as a 'near miss' through the hospital's internal reporting system. From a systemic quality improvement perspective in a healthcare setting, what is the most appropriate next step following this incident?